{"id":22779,"date":"2016-06-20T10:58:41","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T08:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/?p=22779"},"modified":"2016-06-24T08:12:41","modified_gmt":"2016-06-24T06:12:41","slug":"bearing-capacity-for-shallow-foundations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/en\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/bearing-capacity-for-shallow-foundations\/","title":{"rendered":"BEARING CAPACITY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bearing capacity of a shallow foundation can be defined as the maximum value of the load applied, for which no point of the subsoil reaches failure point<em> (Frolich method)<\/em> or else for which failure extends to a considerable volume of soil <em>(Prandtl method and successive).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Prandtl,<\/strong> has studied the problem of failure of an elastic half-space due to a load applied on its surface with reference to steel, characterizing the resistance to failure with a law of the type:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u03c4<\/strong>=<strong>c<\/strong>+<strong>\u03c3<\/strong><b>\u00b7<\/b><strong>tan\u03c6<\/strong> valid for soils as well<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prandtl<\/strong> assumes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Weightless material, therefore\u00a0<strong>\u03b3=0<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>rigid &#8211; plastic<\/strong> behaviour;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">resistance to failure stated as: <strong>\u03c4=c+\u03c3\u00b7tan\u03c6<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">uniform vertical load applied to an infinitely long strip of width <strong>2b<\/strong> (Plane strain case);<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">no tangential stresses on interface between load strip and bearing surface;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">no overload the edges of the foundation (q&#8217;=0).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Upon failure the yield of the material within the space <em>GFBCD<\/em> is verified. Within the triangle AEB failure occurs according to two families of straight segments inclined by\u00a045\u00b0+\u03c6\/2 to the horizontal.<br \/>\nWithin the triangle <em>AEB<\/em> failure occurs according to two families of straight segments inclined by 45\u00b0+\u03c6\/2 to the horizontal.<br \/>\nWithin zones <em>ABF<\/em> and <em>EBC<\/em> failure occurs along two families of lines, the ones made up of straight lines passing through points A and E, and the other consisting of arcs of families of logarithmic spirals. The poles of these are points A and E. In the triangles AFG and ECD failure occurs along segments inclined at \u00b1 (45\u00b0+ \u03c6\/2 ) to the vertical.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22889 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Meccanismo_prandl.jpg\" alt=\"Meccanismo_prandl\" width=\"798\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Meccanismo_prandl.jpg 798w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Meccanismo_prandl-500x189.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Meccanismo_prandl-300x114.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Meccanismo_prandl-768x291.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Solution of Prandtl<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Having thus identified the soil tending to failure by application of the ultimate load, this can be calculated expressing the equilibrium between the forces acting in any volume of soil whose base is delimited by whichever slip surface.<br \/>\nThus one reaches the equation q =b\u00b7c, where the coefficient B depends only upon the soil\u2019s angle of friction \u03c6.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">b=cotg\u03c6\u00b7[e^(\u03c0\u00b7tan\u03c6)\u00b7tan^(2)(45+\u03c6\/2)-1]<\/p>\n<p>For \u03c6 =0 coefficient <strong>b <\/strong>is\u00a05.14, and therefore q=5.14 \u00b7 c.<\/p>\n<p>In the alternate case, namely that where the soil is cohesionless (c=0, \u03c6\u22600) \u00a0q=0, so that according to <strong>Prandtl<\/strong> it would not be possible to apply any load to cohesionless soils.<br \/>\nBased on this theory, admittedly of little practical value, all the various investigations and developments have proceeded.<br \/>\n<strong>Caquot<\/strong> proceeds from the same premises as Prandtl excepting that the load strip is no longer placed on the surface but at a depth of h \u2264 2b; \u00a0the soil between surface and depth h has the following characteristics:\u00a0\u03b3\u22600, \u03c6=0, c=0 i.e. that it is material with weight attribute but no resistance.<\/p>\n<p>The equilibrium equations thus resolve to:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">q=A\u00b7\u03b3<sub>1<\/sub>+b\u00b7c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">which is certainly a step forward but hardly reflects reality.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_von_Terzaghi\"><strong>Terzaghi (1955)<\/strong><\/a>, continues on the same lines as Caquot but adds modifications to take into account of the real characteristics of the foundation-soil system.<br \/>\nUnder the action of the load transmitted by the foundation, the soil at the contact with the foundation tends to move laterally, but is restrained in this by the tangential resistances that develop between the soil and the foundation. This results in a change of the stress state in the ground placed directly below the foundation.<br \/>\nTerzaghi assigns to the sides AB and EB of <strong>Prandtl\u2019s<\/strong> wedge, an inclination\u00a0\u03c8 to the horizontal, assigning to this a value as a function of the mechanical characteristics of the soil at the contact soil-foundation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus \u03b3<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0=0 for soil below the foundation is reviewed assuming that the failure surfaces remain unaltered, the expression for ultimate load becomes:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">q=A\u00b7\u03b3\u00b7h+b\u00b7c+C\u00b7\u03b3\u00b7b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">in which, is a coefficient that is a function of the angle of friction \u03c6 of the soil below the footing and of the angle \u03c6 defined above; and b is the half width of the strip..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Further on the basis of experimental data, <strong>Terzaghi<\/strong> introduces factors due to the shape of the foundation.\u00a0Again <strong>Terzaghi<\/strong> refines the original hypothesis of <strong>Prandtl<\/strong> who considered the behaviour of soil as rigid\u2013plastic.<strong>Terzaghi<\/strong> instead assigns such behaviour only to very compact soils.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">In these soils the curve loads\/settlements is at first linear, followed by a short curved segment (elastic-plastic behavior). Failure is instantaneous and the value of the ultimate load is easily identifiable (general failure).\u00a0In a very loose soil however the relation loads\/settlements has an accentuated curved line even at low levels of load due to a progressive failure of the soil (local failure) and thus the identification of ultimate load is not so clear like for compact soils..\u00a0For very loose soils therefore Terzaghi introduces in the previous formula the reduced values for the mechanical properties of the soil:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">tan\u03c6<sub>rid<\/sub>=(2\/3)\u00b7tan\u03c6 e c<sub>rid<\/sub>=(2\/3)\u00b7c<\/p>\n<p>Thus <strong>Terzaghi\u2019s<\/strong> formula becomes:<\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22810 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/formula_carico_limite.jpg\" alt=\"formula_carico_limite\" width=\"683\" height=\"752\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/formula_carico_limite.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/formula_carico_limite-500x551.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/formula_carico_limite-272x300.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Bearing-capacity equations by the several authors indicated<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Geoffrey_Meyerhof\"><strong>Meyerhof\u00a0(1963) <\/strong><\/a>proposed a formula for calculation of bearing capacity similar to the one proposed by Terzaghi but introducing further foundation shape coefficients.<br \/>\nHe introduced a coefficient s<sub>q<\/sub> that multiplies the N<sub>q\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0factor, depth factors \u00a0d<sub>i<\/sub> and inclination factors i<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0 depth factors di and inclination factors ii for the cases where the load line is inclined to the vertical.\u00a0Meyerhof obtained the N factors by making trials on a number of BF arcs <em>(see Prandtl mechanism)<\/em> whilst shear along AF was given approximate values.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22816 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/meyerhof.jpg\" alt=\"meyerhof\" width=\"416\" height=\"462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/meyerhof.jpg 416w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/meyerhof-270x300.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Shape, depth, and inclination factors for the Meyerhof bearing-capacity<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%B8rgen_Brinch_Hansen\"><strong>Hansen\u2019s (1970)<\/strong><\/a> formula is a further extension on Meyerhof\u2019s; the additions consists in the introduction of bi that accounts for the possible inclination of the footing to the horizontal and a factor gi for inclined soil surface<br \/>\nHansen\u2019s formula is valid for whatever ratio D\/B and therefore for both surface and deep foundations, however the author introduces coefficients to compensate for the otherwise excessive increment in limit load with increased depth.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksandar_Vesic\"><strong>Vesic (1975)<\/strong> <\/a>proposes a formula that is analogous to <strong>Hansen\u2019s<\/strong> with\u00a0N<sub>q<\/sub> ed N<sub>c<\/sub> as per Meyerhof and N<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> as below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">N<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>=2\u00b7(N<sub>q<\/sub>+1)\u00b7tan\u03c6<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shape and depth factors are the same as Hansen\u2019s but there are differences in load inclination, ground inclination and footing inclination factors.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22824 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_vesic_shape_depth.jpg\" alt=\"hansen_vesic_shape_depth\" width=\"453\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_vesic_shape_depth.jpg 453w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_vesic_shape_depth-300x261.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Shape and depth factors for use in either the Hansen (1970) <\/em><br \/>\n<em>or Vesic (1975) bearing-capacity equations.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-22829 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_inclinations.jpg\" alt=\"hansen_inclinations\" width=\"510\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_inclinations.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_inclinations-500x389.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/hansen_inclinations-300x234.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Table of inclination, ground, and base factors for the Hansen (1970) equations<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22847 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Vesic_inclination_base_ground.jpg\" alt=\"Vesic_inclination_base_ground\" width=\"588\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Vesic_inclination_base_ground.jpg 588w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Vesic_inclination_base_ground-500x480.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Vesic_inclination_base_ground-300x288.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Table of inclination, ground, and base factors for the Vesic\u00a0(1975) equations<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Brich-Hansen <a href=\"http:\/\/eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/\">(EC7-EC8)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><em>&#8220;In order that a foundation may safely sustain the projected load in regard to general failure for all combinations of load relative to the ultimate limit state, the following must be satisfied:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>V<sub>d<\/sub>\u2264 R<sub>d<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Where V<sub>d<\/sub> the design load at ultimate limit state normal to the footing, including the weight of the foundation it self and R<sub>d<\/sub> is the foundation design bearing capacity for normal loads, also taking into account eccentric and inclined loads. When estimating R<sub>d<\/sub> for fine grained soils short and long term situations should be considered.&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/em>Bearing capacity <strong>in drained conditions<\/strong> is calculated by:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">R\/A&#8217;=(2+\u03c0)\u00b7c<sub>u<\/sub>\u00b7s<sub>c<\/sub>\u00b7i<sub>c<\/sub>+q<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<p>A\u2019 = B\u2019\u00b7L\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0design effective foundation area. Where eccentric loads are involved, use the reduced area at whose center the load is applied.<\/p>\n<p>c<sub>u<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 undrained cohesion<br \/>\nq\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 total lithostatic pressure on bearing surface<br \/>\ns<sub>c \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>foundation shape factor<br \/>\ns<sub>c<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 + 0,2 (B\u2019\/L\u2019) rectangular shapes<br \/>\ns<sub>c<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,2 square or circular shapes<br \/>\ni<sub>c<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 correction factor for inclination due to a load H<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">i<sub>c<\/sub>=0.5\u00b7[1+(1-H\/(A&#8217;\u00b7c<sub>u<\/sub>)^0.5]<\/p>\n<p>Design bearing capacity in <strong>drained conditions<\/strong> is calculated as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">R\/A\u2019 = c\u2019 \u00b7N<sub>c<\/sub> \u00b7s<sub>c<\/sub> \u00b7i<sub>c<\/sub> + q\u2019\u00b7 N<sub>q<\/sub> \u00b7s<sub>q<\/sub> \u00b7i<sub>q<\/sub> + 0,5\u00b7 g\u2019 \u00b7B\u2019 \u00b7N<sub>g<\/sub> \u00b7s<sub>g<\/sub> \u00b7i<sub>g<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Where:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">N<sub>c<\/sub>= same as Meyerhof (1963) above<br \/>\nN<sub>q<\/sub>= same as Meyerhof (1963) above<br \/>\nN<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>=2\u00b7(N<sub>q<\/sub>-1)\u00b7tan\u03d5<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Shape factors<br \/>\n<\/strong>s<sub>q<\/sub>\u00a0= 1+(B&#8217;\/L&#8217;) \u00b7sin\u03d5&#8217; rectangular shape<br \/>\ns<sub>q<\/sub>\u00a0= 1+sin\u03d5&#8217; square or circular shape<br \/>\ns<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>\u00a0=1-0.3\u00b7(B&#8217;\/L&#8217;) rectangular shape<br \/>\ns<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>\u00a0=0.7 square or circular shape<br \/>\ns<sub>c<\/sub>= (s<sub>q<\/sub>\u00a0\u00b7N<sub>q<\/sub>-1)\/(N<sub>q<\/sub>-1) rectangular, square, or circular shape.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the correction factors reported in the table above will also be considered the ones complementary to the depth of the bearing surface and to the inclination of the bearing surface and ground surface (Hansen).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sliding considerations<\/strong><br \/>\nThe stability of a foundation should be verified with reference to collapse due to sliding as well as to general failure. For collapse due to sliding, the resistance is calculated as the sum of the adhesion component and the soil-foundation friction component. Lateral resistance arising from passive thrust of the soil can be taken into account using a percentage supplied by the user. Resistance due to friction and adhesion is calculated with the expression:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">F<sub>Rd<\/sub> = N<sub>sd<\/sub> \u00b7tan\u03b4+c<sub>a<\/sub> \u00b7A\u2019<\/p>\n<p>In which N<sub>sd<\/sub> is the value of the vertical force, \u03b4 is the angle of shearing resistance at the base of the foundation, c<sub>a<\/sub> is the foundation-soil adhesion, and A\u2019 is the effective foundation area. There where eccentric loads are involved, use the reduced area at whose centre the load is applied.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bearing capacity for foundations<\/strong> <strong>on rock<br \/>\n<\/strong>Where foundations rest on rock, it is appropriate to take into consideration certain other significant parameters such as the geologic characteristics, type of rock and its quality measured as <strong>RQD.<\/strong> It is the practice to use very high values of safety factor for bearing capacity of rock and correlated in some way with the value of <strong>RQD<\/strong> <em>(Rock quality designator).<\/em> For example for a rock whose <strong>RQD<\/strong> is up to a maximum of 0.75 the safety factor oscillates between 6 and 10. Terzaghi\u2019s formula can be used in calculation of rock bearing capacity using friction angle and cohesion of the rock or those proposed by Stagg and <strong>Zienkiewicz (1968)<\/strong> according to which the coefficients of the bearing capacity are:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">N<sub>q<\/sub>=tan^6(45+\u03c6\/2)<br \/>\nN<sub>c<\/sub>=5\u00b7tan^4(45+\u03c6\/2)<br \/>\nN<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>=N<sub>q<\/sub>+1<\/p>\n<p>These coefficients should be used with form factors from the formula of Terzaghi.\u00a0Ultimate bearing capacity is a function of RQD as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">q&#8217;=q<sub>ult<\/sub>(RQD)^2<\/p>\n<p>If rock coring does not render whole pieces (RQD tends to 0) the rock is treated as a soil estimating as best the factors:\u00a0 c and\u00a0\u03c6.<\/p>\n<p>Extract of the technical report of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/shop\/software-en\/geotechnical-software\/bearing-capacity-settlments-loadcap\/\"> LOADCAP<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The bearing capacity of a shallow foundation can be defined as the maximum value of the load applied, for which no point of the subsoil reaches failure point (Frolich method) or else for which failure extends to a considerable volume of soil (Prandtl method and successive). Prandtl, has studied the problem of failure of an&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":216,"featured_media":22882,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[219,217,218],"tags":[602,603],"class_list":["post-22779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-engineering-articles","category-geology-articles","category-geotechnical-articles","tag-bearing-capacity","tag-loadcap","category-219","category-217","category-218","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v25.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>BEARING CAPACITY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/en\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/bearing-capacity-for-shallow-foundations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"BEARING CAPACITY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The bearing capacity of a shallow foundation can be defined as the maximum value of the load applied, for which no point of the subsoil reaches failure point (Frolich method) or else for which failure extends to a considerable volume of soil (Prandtl method and successive). 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