{"id":118884,"date":"2020-05-01T12:32:23","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T10:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/?p=118884"},"modified":"2020-12-14T17:08:01","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T16:08:01","slug":"liquefaction-resistance-of-soil-with-liquiter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/en\/blog\/2020\/05\/01\/liquefaction-resistance-of-soil-with-liquiter\/","title":{"rendered":"Liquefaction resistance of soil with Liquiter"},"content":{"rendered":"

Liquefaction resistance of soil with Liquiter …<\/a><\/h1>\n

Simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Following disastrous earthquakes that occurred in Alaska and Niigata (Japan in 1964), Seed and Idris (1971) proposed a simplified methodology for assessing the resistance to liquefaction of soils. This methodology has been selected and improved over the years (e.g. Seed, 1979; Seed and Idriss, 1982; Seed et al., 1985) become a widely used standard and reference for liquefaction hazard assessment (NRC 1985). Updates to the simplified procedure were discussed in a seminar by Youd and Idriss (1997) and published in the report “Liquefaction Resistance of Soils<\/a>” (Youd and Idriss, 2001).<\/p>\n

These updates are included in Liquiter<\/a> software (Fig.1).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Fig. 1 \u2013 In this section of Liquiter several methods are reported<\/p>\n

The simplified procedure is developed on the basis of empirical evaluations of in situ and laboratory tests. In the first case, SPT, CPT, geophysical surveys are carried out. Field evidence of liquefaction generally consisted of surficial observations of sand boils, ground fissures, or lateral spreads. In the second case the methods are based on the shear strength tests and triaxial tests.<\/p>\n

The phenomenon of liquefaction<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when a soil, subjected to a seismic shock, shows an increase in interstitial pressures and a zero shear resistance. The change in physical state (from solid to liquid) generally occurs on saturated granular material surface deposits with characteristics that cannot dissipate the interstitial pressure with sufficient speed following an earthquake.<\/p>\n

As shown by Mohr Coulomb<\/strong>‘s equation, the shear strength (\u03c4<\/strong>) tends to decrease due to the cancellation of the effective tension (\u03c3 \u2019= \u03c3-u<\/strong>):<\/p>\n

\u03c4 = (\u03c3-u) tg\u03c6 + c<\/strong><\/p>\n

with \u03c3<\/strong> = total normal voltage; u<\/strong> = interstitial pressures \u03c6<\/strong> = friction angle and c<\/strong> = cohesion.<\/p>\n

So if u<\/strong> increases to equal \u03c3<\/strong>, the effective pressure is canceled and the resistance tends to zero, thus determining the liquefaction condition.<\/p>\n

CSR and CRR<\/b><\/h2>\n

To determine the risk of liquefaction in terms of safety factor (FS<\/b>), the calculation of two variables is required: 1) CSR= Cyclic Shear Ratio and 2) CRR Cyclic Resistance Ratio.<\/p>\n

The simplified methods are based on the relationship between the shear stresses which produce liquefaction and those induced by the earthquake; therefore they need to evaluate the parameters for both seismic event and deposit. The resistance to liquefaction of the deposit is then calculated in terms of liquefaction resistance factor.<\/p>\n

Criteria for evaluation of liquefaction resistance based on SPT<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The method of Seed e Idriss (1982) calculates the CSR using the following formula:<\/p>\n

CSR=\u03c4_av\/(\u03c3_v0^’ )=0.65\u2219(a_max\/g)\u2219(\u03c3_v0\/(\u03c3_v0^’ ))\u2219r_d<\/p>\n

The value rd<\/sub><\/strong> is the stress reduction coefficient and is determined as follows (Liao e Whitman<\/strong>,1986):<\/p>\n

r_d=1.0-0.00765z per z\u22649.15m
\nr_d=1.174-0.0267z per 9.15m<z\u226423m<\/p>\n

Where z<\/strong> is depth below ground surface in meters.<\/p>\n

For Magnitude 7,5 Earthquakes the original curve of Seed and Idriss (1982) is considered (Fig.2).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Fig. 2 – SPT Clean Sand-Base Curve for Magnitude 7.5 Earthquakes (mod. from Seed et al., 1985)<\/em><\/p>\n

The formula is:<\/p>\n

CRR_7.5=1\/34-(N_1)_60 +(N_1)_60\/135+ 50\/[10\u2219(N_1)_60+45]^2 – 1\/200<\/p>\n

This equation is valid for N1(60)<30. For N1(60)\u226530, clean granular soils are too dense to liquefy and are classed as \u201cnon-liquefiable\u201d.<\/p>\n

For different Magnitude (greater or less than 7.5) Seed e Idris (1982) introduced the Magnitudo Scaling Factor <\/em>MSF <\/strong>defined by the following equation:<\/p>\n

MSF= 10^2.24\/(M_w^2.56 )<\/p>\n

A set of magnitude scaling factor<\/em> Mw<\/sub> <\/strong>are listed in Table1.<\/p>\n

Table 1<\/strong>– Scale factor of the magnitude derived from several researchers<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Magnitude<\/strong><\/td>\nSeed H.B. & Idriss I.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1982)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n

Ambraseys N.N<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1988)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/strong><\/td>\n

NCEER (Seed R. B. et all)<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1997; 2003)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

5,5<\/td>\n1,43<\/td>\n2,86<\/td>\n2,21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6,0<\/td>\n1,32<\/td>\n2,20<\/td>\n1,77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6,5<\/td>\n1,19<\/td>\n1,69<\/td>\n1,44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7,0<\/td>\n1,08<\/td>\n1,30<\/td>\n1,19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7,5<\/td>\n1,00<\/td>\n1,00<\/td>\n1,00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8,0<\/td>\n0,94<\/td>\n0,67<\/td>\n0,84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8,5<\/td>\n0,89<\/td>\n0,44<\/td>\n0,73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The Cyclic Resistance Ratio is calculated as a function of magnitude, the number of blows in the SPT test, the effective vertical pressure and the relative density.<\/p>\n

At first, the corrected number of blows count is calculated:<\/p>\n

(N1<\/sub>)60CS<\/em><\/sub>= \u03b1+\u03b2(N1<\/sub>)60<\/sub><\/p>\n

where \u03b1<\/strong> e \u03b2<\/strong> are coefficients reported in Table2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
FC<\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b2 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2264<\/em><\/strong>5%<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b1 = 0.0<\/td>\n\u03b2=1.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5%<FC<\/em><\/strong>\u2265<\/em><\/strong>35%<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b1=exp[1.76-(190\/FC2<\/sup>)]<\/td>\n\u03b2= 0.99+(FC1.5<\/sup>\/1000)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FC<\/em><\/strong>\u2265<\/em><\/strong>35%<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b1 = 5.0<\/td>\n\u03b2=1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 2<\/strong>– Influence of Fine Content (FC)<\/em><\/p>\n

Other corrections that influence SPT results are incorporated in these corrections:<\/p>\n

(N1<\/sub>)60 <\/sub>=Nm<\/sub>CN<\/sub>CE<\/sub>CB<\/sub>CR<\/sub>CS<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n

where Nm<\/sub><\/strong> is the measured standard penetration resistance; CN<\/sub><\/strong> is a correction factor to normalize Nm<\/sub> to a common reference effective overburden stress; CE<\/sub> is the corretion for hammer energy ratio (ER); CB<\/sub> is the correction factor for borehole diameter; CR<\/sub> is the correction factor for rod length; and CS<\/sub> is the correction for samples with or without liners.<\/p>\n

Factor of safety <\/strong><\/h2>\n

To illustrate the influence of magnitude scaling factors on calculated hazard, the equation for factor of safety (FS<\/strong>) against liquefaction is written in terms of CRR, CSR, and MSF as:<\/p>\n

FS= (CRR7.5<\/sub>\/CSR)MSF<\/p>\n

where CSR is the calculated cyclic stress ratio generated by the earthquake shaking; and CRR7.5 is the cyclic resistance ratio for magnitude 7.5 earthquakes.<\/p>\n

Software<\/b><\/h2>\n

Considering the text described above the use of the following softwares are recommended:<\/p>\n